Sustainability in Houpitality Education - 4611 Words

Hospitality Research Project Part A: Research Proposal Sustainability in Hospitality Education * A Case Study - Supervisor: David Proctor Stenden Hogeschool International Hotel Management Leeuwarden The Netherlands 2011 Fei Fei Wang amp; Anjani de Graaf Stenden University of Applied Scienes, Leeuwarden 20-Jan-‘12 Declaration of personal work 1. This work is composed by us. 2. This work has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree or diploma, by me or anyone else. 3. The work of which this is a record is done wholly by us. 4. All verbatim extracts have been distinguished by quotation marks and the sources of our information have been†¦show more content†¦Research has shown that in the United States the topic of sustainability does not receive much attention in hospitality management programs (Barber et al., 2011). Furthermore, in the history of hospitality and tourism management, it has not necessarily been considered that companies in this industry were major contributors to the environmental sustainability of the world (Deale, Nichols, amp; Jacques, 2009). This all brings us to Stenden University of Applied Science, The Netherlands, where International Hospitality Management (IHM) students receive sustainability education and have the opportunity to apply it in practice. Rationale – The purpose of the study In this case study students of Stenden University of Applied Science will be studied to determine the extent to which they perceive to understand the content been taught with regard to sustainability; the content of education in which concepts, topics, and practices of sustainability are included. Furthermore, this case study engages in the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the knowledge and attitude of sustainability that IHM students already have, or should have during their study program in order to enhance their consciousness for implementing sustainability in the hospitality industry. Sustainability can be considered as the balanced collaboration between populations reaching to express its full potential without negatively disturbing the carrying capability that it depends on

Essay on Ethics in Todays Universities - 1539 Words

Beliefs; The universitys role in instilling a moral code among students? None whatever, some argue is an article written by Peter Steinfels. The article focuses on the opinion of several college professors about whether morality and an ethical code of conduct should be taught in universities. The article presents both sides of the argument and quotes from different educators but does not take a stand on whether ethics should be part of the university curriculum or not. My initial reaction after reading this article was that academic institutions should only focus on education. I believed that a code of ethics should be established by my parents and my family and to some extent by teachers in grade school. After all, I†¦show more content†¦He was a very gifted writer and all of his clients got good grades. However it was very dishonest. As a college student, I know that there is definitely an enormous number of students that cheat or plagiarize. Even more disturbing is the way that many students define cheating and plagiarism. For example, my friend told me that he believed that cutting and pasting a few sentences from various web sources without acknowledgment is not plagiarism. Before the internet, students certainly plagiarized, but they had to plan ahead to do so. Nowadays its so easy. To this day fraternities and sororities often have files of term papers that they share with each other. In the previous decade, plagiarism required more thought and some planning. Today, online term-paper sites changed all that. Overnight, students could order a term paper, print it out and have it ready for class in the morning and still get a good nights sleep. All they needed was a charge card. It is unfortunate to see how ethics in the American culture is constantly declining. 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Colorado River (4580 words) Essay Example For Students

Colorado River (4580 words) Essay Colorado RiverGeographers can tell you that the one thing that most rivers and their adjacentflood plains in the world have in common is that they have rich historiesassociated with human settlement and development. This especially true in aridregions which are very dependent upon water. Two excellent examples are the Nileand the Tigris-Euphrates rivers which show use the relationship between riversand concentrations of people. However, the Colorado River is not such a goodexample along most segments of its course. There is no continuous transportationsystem that parallels the rivers course, and settlements are clustered. Therugged terrain and entrenched river channels are the major reasons for sparsehuman settlement. We ask ourselves, did the Colorado River help or hindersettlement in the Western United States? As settlers began to move westward, theSouthwest was considered to be a place to avoid. Few considered it a place totraverse, to spread Christianity, and a possible source of furs or mineralwealth. Finding a reliable or accessible water source, and timber for buildingwas difficult to find. There was a lack of land that could be irrigated easily. By the turn of the century, most present day cities and towns were alreadyestablished. Trails, roads, and railroads linked several areas with neighboringregions. Although the Colorado River drainage system was still not integrated. In the mid 1900s many dams had been built to harness and use the water. A newphase of development occurred at the end of the second World War. There was alarge emphasis on recreation, tourism, and environmental preservation. Theterrain of the Colorado River is very unique. It consists of Wet Upper Slopes,Irregular Transition Plains and Hills, Deep Canyonlands, and the Dry LowerPlains. Wet Upper Slopes: Consist of numerous streams that feed into theColorado River from stream cut canyons, small flat floored valleys oftenoccupied by alpine lakes and adjacent steep walled mountain peaks. These areasare heavily forested and contain swiftly flowing streams, rapids, andwaterfalls. These areas have little commercial value except as watershed,wildlife habitat, forest land, and destinations for hikers, fishermen, andmountaineers. Irregular Transition Plains and Hills: These areas are favorablefor traditional economic development. It consists of river valleys with adequateflat land to support f arms and ranches. Due to the rolling hills, low plateaus,and mountain slopes, livestock grazing is common. The largest cities of thewhole drainage system are found here. Deep Canyonlands: Definitely the mostspectacular and least developed area along the Colorado River. These deep gorgesare primarily covered by horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, of which sandstone is the most abundant. The Grand Canyon does not only display spectacularbeauty, but numerous other features such as mesas, buttes, spires, balancingrocks, natural arches and bridges, sand dunes, massive sandstone walls, andpottholed cliffs. Dry Lower Plains: These consist of the arid desert areas. These areas encounter hot summers and mild winters. Early settlement was limitedbecause most of the land next to the river was not well suited for irrigationagriculture. The area is characterized by limited flat land, poor soils, poordrainage, and too hot of conditions for most traditional crops. The ColoradoRiver was first navigated by John Wesley Powell, in his 1869 exploration throughthe Marble and Grand Canyons. The Colorado River begins high in the ColoradoRocky Mountains. The water begins from melting snow and rain, and is thensupplemented by the Gunnison, Green, San Juan, Little Colorado, Virgin, and GilaRivers. Before any dams were built, the Colorado River carried 380,000 milliontons of silt to the Sea of Cortez. Along its path, it carves out the Marble,Grand, Black, Boulder, and Topok Canyons. The Grand Canyon being the mostpopular, which is visited by numerous tourists every year, plays a large role inwestern tourism. The Grand Canyon is in fact one of the Worlds Seven Won ders. The Colorado Basin covers 240,000 square miles of drainage area. At certainpoints along the river, it turns into a raging, muddy, rapid covered mass ofwater. Unlike other rivers, the Colorado River doesnt meet the ocean in agrand way, but rather in a small trickle. Almost all of the water that passesdown the river is spoken for. It passes through seven Western States, travels1,700 miles, and descends more than 14,000 feet before emptying into the sea,with more silt and salinity than any river in North America. A river not usedfor commerce, or any degree of navigation other than recreational, and virtuallyignored until the turn of the century. The Colorado River is the most foughtover, litigated, and legislated river in the United States. The upper Coloradopasses through mountainous, less populated country. It has seen fewer problemsthat the lower Colorado. The lower Colorado, which passes through canyons andarid desert, serves a more populated area. It has been a large source ofargum ents for the state of California and surrounding areas since the early1900s. The first project on the Colorado River was the Alamo River Projectnear Yuma, Arizona. Sediment from the upper river was transported and depositeddown river. It raised the river bed so the river was higher than the surroundingland, making water easy to divert for irrigation. The Alamo Canal diverted waterfrom the Colorado River to the Alamo River, and traveled 60 miles through Mexicoacross the Mexicali desert to the Salton Sink, a depression in the ImperialValley. For this, Mexico received the right to take half the water from thecanal, the rest went to the Imperial Valley. Although it may have seemed like aneasy way to divert the water, the Alamo Canal was no match for the untamedColorado River. In 1905 a series of floods breached the intake and flooded theImperial Valley, settling in the Salton Sea. After tremendous amounts ofmanpower and money, the river was returned to its original path. This disasteral armed the landowners of the valley. The Imperial Irrigation District ofSouthern California was the largest single user of Colorado River water. Theycampaigned for an All-American Canal. One that would divert the river above theMexican border and leave the Mexicali desert with what they didnt use. This wasmet with much opposition from the largest landowner in the Mexican desert, asyndicate of wealthy Los Angeles businessmen, headed by Harry Chandler of theLos Angeles Times. The Imperial Valley landowners received support from the Cityof Los Angeles. The city was growing rapidly and the need for future electricpower was a major concern. Water experts advocated a dam on the Colorado. Without this dam, the All-American Canal would be in danger of breaching andflooding. The two forces combined to work for a Dam in Boulder Canyon on theColorado River. In Salt Lake City in January 1919, representatives from theseven states that have tributaries emptying into the Colorado River met. The water should first be captured and used while it is young, for then itcan be recaptured as it returns from the performance of its duties and thus beused over and over again .(1) On Nov. 24, 1922, the seven states signedthe Colorado River Compact. This pact divided the waters into 2 basin areas,separated at Lees Ferry, at the head of the Grand Canyon. The Upper statesincluded Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. The Lower states includedArizona, California and Nevada. Each area received 7.5 million acre feet ofwater, with the lower basin getting an extra 1 million acre feet annually fromits tributaries. The allocation of river water was based on an annual flow atLees Ferry of 16.5 million acre feet. This was later found to be inaccurate anddid not take into account the rivers dry years. A more accurate flow is 13.5million acre feet per year. In addition, any water given to Mexico byinternational treaty would be supplied first from the surplus above the total of16 million acre f eet, and if this was not sufficient, the deficiency would beshared equally by the two basins. The consensus was that the river and itstributaries were American (244,000 sq. miles) originating in the United States,very little of the Colorado River was in Mexico (2,000 sq. miles), and thereforethey deserved very little. Herbert Hoover stated, We do not believe they(Mexicans) ever had any rights. The Indian tribes along the river weretreated the same way. Hoover inserted what was called the Wild Indian Article,nothing in this compact shall be construed as affecting the obligations ofthe United States of America to Indian tribes. (2) Its obvious that thenative Mexicans and Indians were being deprived of what originally belonged tothem. The attitude of Herbert Hoover left the local peoples with a taste ofresentment. The Colorado River Pact did not apportion water to individualstates. Arizona would not ratify the pact, feeling that California was takingall the water given to the lower bas in. Arizona contributed 3 major rivers,about 2 to 3 million acre feet, to the Colorado. California farmers would be thelargest single users of the water, but would contribute nothing. Californiafinally agreed to some concessions. All the waters of the Gila River in Arizonawould go to Arizona, and be exempted from the Mexican Treaty. California alsoagreed to apportion 0.3 million acre feet of water to Nevada, 4.4 million acrefeet and 1/2 of the surplus to California, 2.8 million acre feet to Arizona andthe other 1/2 of the surplus. Arizona was still not satisfied. The argument wenton for years, with Congress finally passing the Boulder Canyon Act in 1928without Arizonas ratification. The Boulder Canyon Act of 1928 authorized theconstruction of a hydro-electric plant at Black Canyon. The cost to be off-setby the selling of electric power over a total of 50 years. All power privilegesat the dam were to be controlled by private interest. The Metropolitan WaterDistrict controlled 36%, Ci ty of LA 19%, Arizona 18%, and Nevada 18%. The actalso included the construction of the All-American Canal, starting at Laguna Damand crossing 75 miles of Imperial Valley to the Salton Sea. Arizonas share ofthe water made it possible for large population increases in Phoenix and Tucson,two desert regions that would not be able to exist with out the Colorado River. Catcher outline Essay(4). Recreation has become a huge part of the Colorado River System. This hasbrought loud cries from the conservationists. In 1991 the Arizona stretch of theColorado River was named the most endangered river of 1991 by American Rivers, aconservation group. Many of the fish and wildlife have disappeared. Specialareas have been designated as wildlife protection areas. The Endangered SpeciesAct protects the river and can be enacted independently of the Clean Water Act. Federal Fish and Game, state resources and conservation groups have all workedto make the public aware of this problem. The United States Fish and Wildlifedesignated the Colorado River north of Parker Dam to Needles as a criticalhabitat. This was done to protect the squawfish, the razorback sucker, thehumpback, and bonytail chubs. Sportsmen fear this could severely handicaprecreation on Lake Havasu by limiting boating. There are other areas that havesuffered from altering the Colorado River. When the Alamo River Project wasimplemented, the natural river bed was raised to a higher level than thesurrounding land. In 1900, George Chaffey decided to run a canal through Mexicousing the Colorados old channel to the sink in California. The canal turnednorth into the United States east of Mexicali. From there the channel, now knownas the Alamo River, led almost straight north. Chaffey called the southern halfthe Imperial Valley. In may of 1901, Colorado River water began to run into thischan nel. In a few years the valley had 700 miles of irrigation ditches. Settlerspiled in, homesteading federal land or buying it outright from the railroad. Toget irrigation water they had to buy stock in water companies controlled by theImperial Land Company, a front for Chaffey and Rockwoods CaliforniaDeveloping Company. By 1904 there were 100,000 acres under irrigation. Then siltblocked up the head of the canal. Water delivery to farmers was all but cut off. In the fall of 1904, The California Development Company made a cut in the riverto bypass the blockage. During the spring floods of 1905, the Colorado,completely out of control, rushed through the cut and surged on to the AlamoRiver, its old overflow channel, then plunged on into the New River. Digginginto the soft soil, it created a 28 foot high waterfall, scouring out therivers channel to the width of a quarter mile. It emptied into what is todayknown as the Salton Sea. The Salton is a bizarre looking sea which was 45 mileslong, 17 miles wide and about 80 feet deep. After engineers got the Coloradounder control it should have dried up through evaporation. The sea has nooutlets and only gets about 2.3 inches of rain per year. The sea has beensustained by drainwater from the 500,000 acres of heavily watered and fertilizedgrowing fields of the Imperial Valley, one of the most fruitful desertirrigation projects in history. Agricultural waste water carries variousnutrients, including nit rates, as well as pesticides, potentially toxic levelsof the element selenium, and four million tons of salt leached from the soilevery year. The Salton Sea is now a lost city. In the late 1950s, it wassupposed to become the Golden States great new playland, an alluringcombination of the desert and sea. M. Penn Phillips and other developers ofSalton City bought 19,600 acres that they subdivided on paper for house lots,shops, schools, parks and churches. They spent $1 million on a fresh waterdistribution system with 260 miles of water lines. They put in power lines and250 miles of elegantly paved streets. They built a yacht club and a $350,00018-hole golf course. A big time gambler Ray Ryan with reputed mob connectionsbought land on the other side of the sea and sank more than $2 million into aresort he called the North Shore Beach and Yacht Club. Unexpected rains keptraising the level of the sea and flooding shoreline homes and buildings. Asteadily growing concern set in about the w aters brownish tinge and aboutpollution levels and increasing salt content. North Shore Beach and Yacht Clubis deserted today, its breakwater crumbling to the ground, its pool full ofstank rotten water. Across the water visitors northbound on Route 86 to SaltonCity find not sailboats and bikini-clad blondes on water skis, or docks full ofpleasure boats, but instead a scattering of houses, RV parks, run down motelsand empty lots along grassy overgrown streets. The Alamo River and the New Riverboth feed into the Salton Sea. Both flow north from Mexico receiving drainwateralong the way. The New River is considered the most polluted river in the UnitedStates. It passes through Mexicali, Mexico, a city of more than 750,000 peoplethat dumps in raw sewage, inadequately treated sewage, leachate from landfills,and industrial and slaughter house wastes, as well as trash, toilet paper, deaddogs and phosphate detergents. The sea was for years one of the greatest fishingspots in California, and has long been one of Americas great birding spots. Birders flock to its shores, listing their sightings on clipboards maintained atornithological sites. At least 380 species have been reported, a number exceededin North America only by the Texas coast in spring. Recently there have beenincreasing signs of trouble. Early in 1992, biologist Bill Radke of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service saw a number of eared grebes stagger up on shore anddie. Many were so disoriented that they stood still while gulls tore into theirflesh and began eating them on the spot. This continued and the final death tollrose, by conservative estimates, to 150,000 grebes. Radke helped collect 40,000carcasses. Necropsies ruled out infectious disease as the cause of death, butthe tissues of some of the dead birds contained three times more selenium thanthat of grebes tested at the Salton Sea three years earlier. It is obvious thatthe Alamo River Project has had quite a disastrous effect on the Californiasink. We must also view the good that it has done, no matter how polluted theSalton Sea is today. In the early 1900s, this project was responsible forirrigating over 100,000 acres, today that number is over 500,000 acres of land. It is also a large bird sanctuary where over 380 species have been documented. To answer the question, Did the Colorado River help or hinder settlementin the Western United States? It is obvious that much of the Western U.S. is very dependent upon fresh water from this great river. The majority of thewater that is supplied to the Los Angeles Basin area is tapped out of theColorado River. Major towns and cities in Arizona such as Phoenix, Tempe,Scottsdale, and Tucson are largely dependent upon the Colorado for water. Theentire Southwest, in general, relies on the Colorado River for its majorsource of water. Without the Colorado, it would not be possible to have so manysettlements in this beautiful and unique part of the world. BibliographyCarrier, Jim, The Colorado, A River Drained Dry, NationalGeographic, June 1991., p. 4. Doerner,William R., Big Splash in the AridWest, Time, November 23, 1985, p. 43. Fradkin, Philip L., A River No More,University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1984. Gray, Paul, Glen CanyonDam, Time, July 22, 1991., p. 22. Hundley, N

Syllabus of Vtu Chem Engg Essay Example

Syllabus of Vtu Chem Engg Essay Fourier series Convergence and divergence of infinite series of positive terms, definition and illustrative examples* Periodic functions, Dirichlet’s conditions, Fourier series of periodic functions of period and arbitrary period, half range Fourier series. Complex form of Fourier Series. Practical harmonic analysis. Hours UNIT-2 Fourier Transforms Infinite Fourier transform, Fourier Sine and Cosine transforms, properties, Inverse transforms 6 Hours UNIT-3 Application of PDE Various possible solutions of one dimensional wave and heat equations, two dimensional Laplace’s equation by the method of separation of variables, Solution of all these equations with specified boundary conditions. D’Alembert’s solution of one dimensional wave equation. 6 Hours UNIT-4 Curve Fitting and Optimisation Curve fitting by the method : : : 25 03 100 y = ax + b, y = a x 2 + b x + c, = ae bx of least , y = ax b squares- Fitting of curves of the form Optimization: Linear program ming, mathematical formulation of linear programming problem (LPP), Graphical method and simplex method. 7 Hours PART-B UNIT-5 Numerical Methods 1 Numerical Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations: Regula-falsi method, Newton Raphson method. Iterative methods of solution of a system of equations: Gauss-seidel and Relaxation methods. Largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector by Rayleigh’s power method. 6 Hours UNIT-6 Numerical Methods – 2 Finite differences: Forward and backward differences, Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae. Divided differences Newton’s divided difference formula, Lagrange’s interpolation formula and inverse interpolation formula. Numerical integration: Simpson’s one-third, three-eighth and Weddle’s rules (All formulae/rules without proof) 7 Hours UNIT-7 Numerical Methods – 3 Numerical solutions of PDE – finite difference approximation to derivatives, Numerical solution of two dimensional Laplace’s equation, one dimensional heat and wave equations 7 Hours UNIT-8 Difference Equations and Z-Transorms Difference equations: Basic definition; Z-transforms – definition, standard Z-transforms, damping rule, shifting rule, initial value and final value theorems. Inverse Z-transform. Application of Z-transforms to solve difference equations. 6 Hours Note: * In the case of illustrative example s, questions are not to be set. Text Books: 1. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Khanna Publishers. 2. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Wiley Publications. Reference Books: 1. B. V. We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus of Vtu Chem Engg specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus of Vtu Chem Engg specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus of Vtu Chem Engg specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Tata Mc. Graw Hill Publications. 2. Peter V. O’Neil, Engineering Mathematics, CENGAGE Learning India Pvt Ltd. Publishers. MOMENTUM TRANSFER Subject Code No. of Lecture Hours/Week Total No. of Lecture Hours : 10CH32 : 04 : 52 PART – A UNIT 1: Fluid Statics and its Applications: Concept of unit operations, Concept of Momentum Transfer, Nature of fluids and pressure concept, Variation of pressure with height – hydrostatic equilibrium, Barometric equation, Measurement of fluid pressure – manometers. Continuous gravity decanter, Centrifugal decanter. Hours UNIT 2: Fluid flow phenomena: Types of fluids – shear stress and velocity gradient relation, Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids, Viscosity of gases and liquids. Types of flow – laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds stress, Eddy viscosity. Flow in boundary layers, Reynolds number, Boundary layer separation and wake formation. 6 Hours UNIT 3: Basic equations of fluid flow: Average velocity, Mass velocity, Continuity equation, Euler and Bernoulli equations, Modified equations for real fluids with correction factors. Pump work in Bernoulli equation. Angular momentum equation. 6 Hours UNIT 4: Flow of incompressible fluids in conduits and thin layer: Laminar flow through circular and non-circular conduits. Hagen Poiseuille equation, Laminar flow of non-newtonian liquids, Turbulent flow in pipes and closed channels, Friction factor chart. Friction from change in velocity or direction. Form friction losses in Bernoulli equation. Flow of fluids in thin layers. 6 Hours PART – B UNIT 5: Flow of compressible fluids: Continuity equation, Concept of Mach number, Total energy balance, Velocity of sound, Ideal gas equations. Flow through variable-area conduits. Adiabatic frictional flow. Isothermal frictional flow (elementary treatment only). 6 Hours 2 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 100 UNIT 6: Flow of fluid past immersed bodies: Drag, Drag coefficient, Pressure drop – Kozeny-Carman equation, Blake-Plummer, Ergun equation, Fluidizaion, Conditions for fluidization, Minimum fluidization velocity, Types of fluidization, 4 Hours Metering of fluids: Pipes, Fitting and valves, Measurement of liquid and gas flow rates by orifice meter, venturi meter, rotameter and pitot tube. Hours UNIT 7: Flow through open channels – weirs and notches. 2 Hours Transportation of fluids: Elementary concept of target meter, vortex shedding meters, turbine meters, positive displacement meters, magnetic meters, coriolis meters and thermal meters. Performance and characteristics of pumps – positive displacement and centrifugal pumps. Fans, compressor and blowers. 6 Hours UNIT 8: Dimensional analysis: Dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh’s and Buckingham’s II – methods. Significance of different dimensionless numbers. Elementary treatment of similitude between model and prototype. 4 Hours Introduction to unsteady state flow: Time to empty the liquid from a tank. 2 Hours Text Books: 1. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McCabe. W. L. , et. al. 6th edn. , McGraw Hill, New York, 2001. 2. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Kumar K. I. ,3rd Edition, Eurasia Publishing House (p) Ltd. , New Delhi,1984. Reference Books: 1. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 1. , Coulson J. II and Richardson. J. F.. , 5th edn. , Asian Books (p) Ltd. , New Delhi, 1998. 2. Introduction to Chemical Engineering, Badger. W. I. , and Banchero J. T. , Tata McGraw Hill, New York, 1997. CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS Subject Code No. of Lecture Hours/Week Total No. of Lecture Hours : 10CH33 : 04 : 52 PART – A UNIT 1: Units and dimensions: Fundamental and derived units, Conversion. Dimensional consistency of equations. Dimensionless groups and constants. Conversion of equations. 6 Hours UNIT 2: Basic chemical calculations: Concept of mole, mole fraction. Compositions of mixtures of solids, liquids and gases. Concept of normality, molarity, molality, ppm. Use of semi-log, loglog, triangular graphs. Ideal gas law calculations, 6 Hours UNIT 3: Vapour pressure concepts, humidity, humidity chart, humidification and dehumidification, calculation of humidity. 7 Hours 3 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 100 UNIT 4: Material balance without reaction: General material balance equation for steady and unsteady state. Typical steady state material balances in distillation, absorption, extraction, crystallization, drying. 7 Hours PART – B UNIT 5: Steady state material balance for mixing and evaporation. Elementary treatment of material balances involving bypass. Recycle and purging. 6 Hours UNIT 6: Steady state material balance with reaction: Principles of stoichiometry, Concept of limiting and excess reactants and inerts, fractional and percentage conversion, fractional yield and percentage yield, selectivity, related problems. 7 Hours UNIT 7: Ultimate and proximate analyses of fuels, Calculations involving combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, excess air. 6 Hours UNIT 8: Energy balance: General steady state energy balance equation, Thermo physics. Thermo chemistry and laws. Heat capacity. Enthalpy, Heat of formation, Heat of reaction, Heat of combustion and Calorific values. Heat of solution. Heat of mixing, Heat of crystallization. Determination of ? Hr at standard and elevated temperatures, flame temperature. 7 Hours Text Books: Stoichiometry (SI Units), Bhatt B. L. and Vora S. M, Third Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Ltd. , New Delhi, 1996. 2. Chemical Process Principles Part – I Material and Energy Balances, Hougen O. A. , Waston K. M. and Ragatz R. A. 2nd Edition, CBS publishers and distributors, New Delhi, 1995. 3. Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, Himmelblau D. M. , 6th Edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1997. 1. TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY Subject Code No. of Lecture Hours/Week Total No. of Lecture Hours : 10CH34 : 04 : 52 PART – A UNIT 1: IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 100 4 Colligative properties: Concept of mole and mole fraction. Colligative properties Meani ng and types, Lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law statement, limitations. Determination of molecular weight by lowering of vapour pressure, problems. Ostwald’s and Walker’s method, Elevation in boiling point of a solvent – derivation, Experimental determination of molecular weight by ebulliscopic method, problems. Isotonic solutions – abnormal molecular weight. Osmosis and Osmotic pressure Explanation of the terms, effect of concentration and temperature and simultaneous effect of concentration and temperature on osmotic pressure. Determination of molecular weight Berkeley and Hartley’s method and problems. Hours UNIT 2: Principles of valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory: Introduction to chemical bonding Formation of ionic bond, covalent bond and co-ordinate bond with examples; Energies of covalent bond formation, Valence bond theory – postulates and explanation, Types of covalent bonds: -? and -? bonds; Molecular orbital theory – postulates, Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), condi tions for effective combination of atomic orbitals. Molecular orbital configuration of simple molecules (H2 and He2); Similarities and distinctions between valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory; Polar and non polar covalent bonds. Hours UNIT 3: Surface chemistry: Introduction, Types of adsorption – Physisorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherm, isobar, isotere, Langmuir adsorption isotherm, BET isotherm, BET equation for surface area, Langmuir-Hinshelwood, and Langmuir-Rideal mechanisms, kinetic effects of surface heterogeneity, surface inhibition and activation energies, unimolecular and bimolecular surface reactions, reactions between two adsorbed molecules, Transition state theory of surface reactions, Mechanism of chemisorption and rates of chemisorption and desorption. Hours UNIT 4: Catalysis: Basic principles, classification of catalytic systems; Homogeneous catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis involving gases, Homogeneous catalysis in the liquid phase wit h examples including Wilkinson’s catalyst; Heterogeneous catalysis- Explanation with examples including Ziegler-Natta catalyst; Mechanism of acid-base catalysis, Catalytic reactionsHydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, hydroformylation, isomerization, Wacker’s processacetic acid from ethylene; Negative catalysis and its mechanism. Hours PART – B UNIT 5: Dyes: Colour and constitution chromophore, and auxochrome theory , modern theory of colour, classification of dyes by structure and by methods of application. Synthesis of dyes Methyl orange, Congo red, Malachite green, Indigo and Alizarin. Hours UNIT 6: Reaction mechanism: Concept of reactive intermediates- carbanions, carbocations, inductive and resonance effects; Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2) in alkyl halides; Mechanistic concept of elimination reactions (E1 and E2); Mechanism of electrophilic substitution in benzene Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkyl and acy lation reactions; Electronic interpretation of orienting influences of substituents in romatic electrophilic substitution of toluene, chlorobenzene, phenol and nitrobenzene. 7 Hours 5 UNIT 7: Insecticides: Definition, classification – i) Internal or Stomach insecticide ii) External or Contact Insecticides iii) Fumigants Explanation with examples; Organic insecticides – DDT, Chlordane, Nitrophenol, BHC (Gammexane), Aldrin, Schradan, Parathion, Malathion and Baygon synthesis and their applications; Rodenticides, Fungicides, and Herbicides – Definition, examples and their applications. Hours UNIT 8: Oils and fats-Vegetable oils- Examples; Analysis of oils- Saponification value,iodine value and acid value their determination, Extraction of oils- Solvent extraction, Refining of oils, Hydrogenation manufacture of Vanaspati. Soaps and detergents – Manufacture of soap by hot process; Types of soaps Liquid soap, Toilet soaps-opaque and transparent; Mechanism of cleansing action of soap; Synthetic detergents– Ionic detergents-anionic and cationic; Nonionic detergents-Manufacture. 6 Hours Text Books: 1. 2. Organic Chemistry, Morrision B. R. nd Boyd L. L. , 6th Edition, ELBS, New Delhi, 1999. Physical Chemistry, Puri L. R. and Sharma B. R. , 14th Edition, Chand S. and Co. , New Delhi, 1998. Reference Books: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Modern Synthetic Reactions, House, H. O. , ULBS Publishers, New Delhi. Organic Reactions Mechanism, Sykes Peter, 2nd Edition, ULBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. Organic Chemistry, Finar, Vol 1 and 2, ULBS Publishers, New Delhi. Industrial Chemistry, Sharma B. K. , 11th Edition, Chand S. and Co. New Delhi, 2001. Organic Chemistry, Tiwari Melhrotra and Vishnoi, 7th edition, Chand S. nd Co. , New Delhi, 1996. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Arun Bahl and Bahl B. S. , 15th Edition, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi, 1998. Surface Chemistry: Theory and applications, J. J. Bikerman, 2nd Edition, Academic press, N ew York, 1972. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, A. W. Adamson, 3rd Edition, Interscience publishers Inc. , New York, 1960. MECHANICAL OPERATIONS Subject Code No. of Lecture Hours/Week Total No. of Lecture Hours : 10CH35 : 04 : 52 PART – A UNIT 1: Particle technology: Particle shape, particle size, different ways f expression of particle size, shape factor, sphericity, standard screen, screens – ideal and actual screens, differential and cumulative size analysis, specific surface of mixture of particles, Number of particles in a mixture, effectiveness of screen, 5 Hours UNIT 2: 6 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 100 Industrial screening equipment, Motion of screen, Grizzly, Gyratory screen, Vibrating screen, Trommels, Sub sieve analysis – Air permeability method, Sedimentation and elutriation methods. Hours UNIT 3: Size reduction: Introduction – Types of forces used for comminution, Criteria for communition, characteristics of comminuted products, Laws of size reduction, Work Index, Energy utilization, Methods of operating crushers – Free crushing, Choke feeding, Open circuit grinding, Closed circuit grinding, Wet and dry grinding, Equipment for size reduction – Blake jaw crusher, Gyratory crusher, Smooth roll crusher, Toothed roll crusher, Impactor, Attrition mill, Ball mill, Critical speed of ball mill, Ultra fine grinders, Fluid energy mill, Colloid mill, Cutters – Knife cutter. Hours UNIT 4: Motion of particles through fluids: Mechanics of particle motion, equation for one dimensional motion of particles through a fluid in gravitational and centrifugal field, Terminal velocity, Drag coefficient, Motion of spherical particles in Stoke’s regime, Newton’s regime and Intermediate region, Criterion for settling regime, Hindered settling, Modification of equation for hindered settling, Sedimentation: Coe and Clevenger theory, Kynch theory, Batch settling test, Application of batch settling te st, Determination of thickener area. Hours PART – B UNIT 5: Filtration: Introduction, Classification of filtration, Cake filtration, Clarification, Batch and continuous filtration, pressure and vacuum filtration, Constant rate filtration, characteristics of filter media, industrial filters, sand filter, Filter press, leaf filter, Rotary drum filter, Horizontal belt filter, Bag filter, Centrifugal filtration – Suspended batch centrifuge, Filter aids, Application of filter aids. Hours UNIT 6: Agitation and mixing: Application of agitation, Agitation equipment, Types of impellers – Propellers, Paddles and Turbines, Flow patterns in agitated vessels, Prevention of swirling, Standard turbine design, Power correlation and power calculation, Mixing of solids, Types of mixers – Change can mixers, Muller ixers, Mixing index, Ribbon blender, Internal screw mixer, Tumbling mixer. 6 Hours UNIT 7: Sampling, storing and conveying of solids: Sampling of solids, storage of solids, Open and closed storage, Bulk and bin storage, Conveyors – Belt conveyor, Chain conveyor, Apron conveyor, Bucket conveyor, Bucket elevator, Screw conveyor, Slurry transport, Applications of fluidization, Pneumatic conveying. Hours UNIT 8: Miscellaneous separation: Magnetic separation, electrostatic separation, Jigging, Heavy media separation, Froth floatation process, Additives used during floatation, Floatation cells, Typical floatation circuits, Size enlargement (only principle and equipment) – Flocculation, Briquetting, Pelletization, Granulation, Settling chambers, Centrifugal separators, Cyclones and Hydro cyclones, Electrostatic Separator, Venturi scrubber. 7 Hours Text Books: 7 Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McCabe W. L. , et. al. , V Edn. , McGraw Hill International, New york, 2000. 2. Introduction to Chemical Engineering, Badger, W. L. and Banchero J. T, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill International Edition, Singapore, 1999. 3. Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering Vol. 2 Particle Technology and Separation Processes, Coulson J. M. and Richardson J. F. , 4th Edition, Asian Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1998. Reference Books: Unit Operations, Brown. G. G. et. al. , 1st Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1995. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Perry R and Green W. D. , 1st Edition, McGraw Hill International, New York, 2000. 3. Principles of Unit Operations, Foust A. S. et. al. , 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1977. 1. 2. COMPUTER AIDED CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT DRAWING Subject Code No. of Practical Hours/Week Total No. of Hours : 10CH36 : 03 : 39 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 50 1. Sectional views: Representation of the sectional planes, Sectional lines and hatching, selection of section planes and types of sectional views. Hours Proportionate drawing of process equipment: Equipment and piping symbols, Vessel component; Vessel opening, Manholes, Vessel enclosures, Vessel support, Jackets, Shell and 12 Hours tube heat exchanger, Reaction vessel and Evaporator. Assembly drawing: (i) Joints: Cotter joint with sleeve, cotter joint, Socket and Spigot joint, Flanged pipe joint, Union joint, Stuffing box and Expansion joint (Screw type or Flanged type). (ii) V alves: Stop valve, Globe valve, Stop cock and Gate valve, Screw down Stop valve, Rams Bottom safety valve, Non-return valve. iii) Pumps: Centrifugal pump, Gear pump. 21 Hours Note: 1. Assignments to be given to students to practice all the drawings and weightage shall be given to these assignments while awarding IA marks. 2. Examination consists of one question on proportionate drawing (15 marks) and one question on Assembly drawing (35 Marks). Weightage must be given for proportionate sketching drawn on paper. Software: Solid Edge or Equivalent Software Text Books: 1. Machine Drawing, Gopal Krishna, 9th Edition, K. R, Subhas Stores, Bangalore 1995. 2. Machine Drawing, Bhatt, N. D. 29th Edition, Charotar Publishing House, Anand, 1995. 3. Process Equipment Design, Joshi, M. V. , 3rd Edition, Macmillian India publication†, New Delhi, 2000. Reference Books: 1. Chemical Process Equipment, Walas, S. M. , Butterworth Heinemann Pub. 1999. 2. Applied Process Design, Ludwig E. E. , 3rd Edition, Gulf Professional Publising, New Delhi, 1994. 8 MOMENTUM TRANSFER LAB Subject Code No. of Practical Hours/Week Total No. of Hours : 10CHL37 : 03 : 39 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 50 The experiment should be based on the following topics; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 2. 13. 14. Friction in circular pipes Friction in non circular pipes Friction in helical / spiral coils Flow rate measurement using venturi / orifice meters (incompressible fluid) Local velocity measurement using pitot tube Flow over notches Hydraulic coefficients – open orifice Packed bed Fluidized bed Characteristics for centrifugal pump Study of various pipe fittings and their equivalent lengths Compressible fluid flow measurement using venturi / orifice meters Reynolds apparatus Air lift pump Note: Minimum of 10 experiments are to be conducted. TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY LAB – I Subject Code No. f Practical Hours/Week Total No. of Hours : 10CHL38 : 03 : 39 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 50 The experiment should be based on the following topics; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Estimation of HCl and CH3COOH in a given acid mixture conductometrically. Determination of sulphate and nitrate in the given sample of water using Nephelometer and spectrophotometer. Determination of chloride content in the given sample of water using N/40 AgNO3 solution and KCl crystals. Determination of partition coefficient of iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride. Study of kinetics of the reaction between K2S2O8 and KI. Determination of percentage of nitrogen in ammonium fertilizers, using 1 N NaOH solution and standard HCl solution. Determination of percentage composition of binary mixture using Ostwald’s viscometer. Effect of salt on the critical solution temperature of phenol-water system. Determination of molecular weight of a non-volatile solute by elevation in boiling point. (Using McCoy’s apparatus). 9 10. 11. 12. Determination of nickel as nickel dimethylglyoximate gravimetrically (after separating iron) in the given stainless steel solution. Determination of iron as ferric oxide gravimetrically (after separating copper) in the given chalcopyrites ore solution. Determination of zinc in the given brass solution volumetrically (after separating copper). Note: Minimum of 10 experiments are to be conducted. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – IV Sub Code Hrs/ Week Total Hrs. : : : 10MAT41 04 52 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : : : 25 03 100 PART-A UNIT-1 Numerical Methods- 1 Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree; Picard’s method, Taylor’s series method, modified Euler’s method, Runge-kutta method of fourth-order. Milne’s and Adams Bashforth predictor and corrector methods (No derivations of formulae). 6 Hours UNIT-2 Numerical Methods – 2 Numerical solution of simultaneous first order ordinary differential equations: Picard’s method, Runge-Kutta method of fourth-order. Numerical solution of second order ordinary differential equations: Picard’s method, Runge-Kutta method and Milne’s method. 6 Hours UNIT-3 Complex variables – 1 Function of a complex variable, Analytic functions-Cauchy-Riemann equations in cartesian and polar forms. Properties of analytic functions. Application to flow problems- complex potential, velocity potential, equipotential lines, stream functions, stream lines. 7 Hours UNIT-4 Complex variables – 2 Conformal Transformations: Bilinear Transformations. Discussion of Transformations: 7 Hours w = z 2 , w = e z , w = z + ( a 2 / z ) . Complex line integrals- Cauchy’s theorem and Cauchy’s integral formula. PART-B UNIT-5 Special Functions Solution of Laplace equation in cylindrical and spherical systems leading Bessel’s and Legendre’s differential equations, Series solution of Bessel’s differential equation leading to Bessel function of first kind. Orthogonal property of Bessel functions. Series solution of Legendre’s differential equation leading to Legendre polynomials, Rodrigue’s formula. 7 Hours 10 UNIT-6 Probability Theory 1 Probability of an event, empherical and axiomatic definition, probability associated with set theory, addition law, conditional probability, multiplication law, Baye’s theorem. 6 Hours UNIT-7 Probability Theory- 2 Random variables (discrete and continuous), probability density function, cumulative density function. Probability distributions – Binomial and Poisson distributions; Exponential and normal distributions. Hours UNITSampling Theory Sampling, Sampling distributions, standard error, test of hypothesis for means, confidence limits for means, student’s t-distribution. Chi -Square distribution as a test of goodness of fit 6 Hours Text Books: 1. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Khanna Publishers 2. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Wiley Publications. Reference Book: 1. B. V. Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Tata Mc. Graw Hill Publications. 2. Peter V. O’Neil, Engineering Mathematics, CENGAGE Learning India Pvt Ltd. Publishers. MATERIAL SCIENCE Subject Code No. of Lecture Hours/Week Total No. of Lecture Hours : 10CH42 : 04 : 52 PART – A UNIT 1: Introduction: Introduction to material science, classification of engineering materials, Level of structure, Structure property relationships in materials. 2 Hours Crystal Geometry And Structure Determination Geometry of crystals-the Bravais lattices, Crystal directions and planes-the miller indices, Structure determination-X-Ray diffractionBragg law, The powder method, Scanning electron microscope. Hours UNIT 2: Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding And Structure Of Solids: Structure of atom, Periodic table, Ionization potential, Electron affinity and electro-negativity, Primary and secondary bonds, Variation of bonding character and properties, Covalent solids, Metals and alloys, Ionic solids, Structure of silica and silicates, Polymers. 6 Hours UNIT 3: Crystal Imperfections: Po int imperfections, Line imperfections-edge and screw dislocations, Surface imperfections. Hours UNIT 4: Phase Diagram and Phase Transformations: Phase rule, Single component systems, Binary phase diagrams, Lever rule, Typical phase diagrams for Magnesia-Alumina, Copper-Zinc, Iron – Carbon systems, Nucleation and growth, solidification, Allotropic transformation, Cooling curve for pure iron, Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, Isothermal transformations (TTT Curves), Eutectic, Eutectoid, Peritectic, Peritectoid reactions. 8 Hours 11 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 100 PART – B UNIT 5: Deformation of Materials and Fracture: Elastic deformation, Plastic deformation, Creep, Visco-elastic deformation, Different types of fracture. 7 Hours UNIT 6: Heat Treatment: Annealing Normalizing, Hardening, Martempering, Austempering, Hardenability, Quenching, Tempering, Carburising, Cyaniding, Nitriding, Flame hardening. 6 Hours UNIT 7: Corrosion and its Prevention: Direct corrosion, Electro-chemical corrosion, Galvanic cells, High temperature corrosion, Passivity, Factor influencing corrosion rate, Control and prevention of corrosion-modification of corrosive environment, Inhibitors, Cathodic protection, Protective coatings, glass lining, lead lining, FRP lining. Hours UNIT 8: Typical Engineering Materials: Ferrous metals, Non ferrous metals and alloys – Aluminium and its alloys, Copper and its alloys, Lead and its alloys, Tin, Zinc and its alloys, Alloys for high temperature service, Ceramic materials – Structure of ceramics, Polymorphism, Mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of ceramic phase. 8 Hours Text Books: 1. Materials Science and Engineering – A First Course, Raghavan V, 3rd Edn. , Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi, 1996. 2. Material Science and Processes, Hajra Choudhury S. K. , 2nd Edition, Indian Book Distributing Co. 1982. Reference Books: 1. Elements of Material Science, Van Valck H. L. , 2nd Edn. , Addision – Wesly Publishing Company, New York, 1964. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Subject Code No. of Lecture Hours/Week Total No. of Lecture Hours : 10CH43 : 04 : 52 PART – A UNIT 1: Basic Concepts: System, surrounding and Processes, Closed and Open systems, State and Properties, Intensive and Extensive Properties, State and Path functions, Equilibrium state and Phase rule, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat reservoir and Heat engines, Reversible and Irreversible processes. First Law of Thermodynamics: General statement of First law of thermodynamics, First law of cyclic process and non – flow processes, Heat capacity. Derivation for closed system steady state flow process-flow calorimeter heat capacity. 6 Hours UNIT 2: P-V-T Behaviour: P-V-T behaviour of pure fluids, Equations of state and ideal gas law, Processes involving ideal gas law: Constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic and polytropic processes. Equations of state for real gases: Vander Waals equation, 12 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 100 Redlich – Kwong equation, Peng – Robinson equation, Virial equation. Compressibility charts: Principles of corresponding states, Generalized compressibility charts: Principles of corresponding states, Generalized compressibility charts. Thermodynamics diagrams. 6 Hours UNIT 3: Second law of thermodynamics: General statements of the Second law, concept of Entropy, The Carnot Principle, Calculation of entropy changes, Clausius Inequality, Entropy and Irreversibility, Third law of thermodynamics. Hours UNIT 4: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Fluids: Reference Properties, Energy Properties, Derived Properties, Work function, Gibbs free energy, Relationships among thermodynamic properties: Exact differential equations, Fundamental property relations, Maxwell’s equations, Clapeyron equations, Entropy heat capacity relations, Modified equations for Internal energy and enthalpy, Effect of temperature on internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy, Relationships between CP an d CV, GibbsHelmholtz equation. 8 Hours PART – B UNIT 5: Properties of Solutions: Partial molar properties, Chemical potential, Fugacity in solutions, Henry’s law and dilute solutions, Activity in solutions, Property changes of mixing, excess properties. (Qualitative treatment) Activity activity coefficient. 7 Hours UNIT 6: Phase Equilibria: Criteria of phase equilibria, Criterion of stability, Duhem’s theorem, Vapour – Liquid Equilibria, VLE in ideal solutions, Non-Ideal solutions, VLE at low pressures, VLE at high pressures, Consistency test for VLE data, Calculation of Activity coefficients using Gibbs – Duhem equation, Liquid-Liquid equilibrium diagrams. Hours UNIT 7: VLE Correlations Equations: Van Laar, Margules, and Willson equations. 6 Hours UNIT 8: Chemical Reaction Equilibria: Reaction Stoichiometry, Criteria of chemical reaction equilibrium, Equilibrium constant and standard free energy change, Effect of temperature, pressure on equilibrium constants and other factors affectin g equilibrium conversion, Liquid phase reactions, Heterogeneous reaction equilibria, phase rule for reacting system. 7 Hours Text Books: 1. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Smith J. M. and Vanness H. C. , Fifth edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1996. 2. Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Rao, Y. V. C. , New Age International Publication, Nagpur, 2000. 3. Textbook of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Narayanan, K. V. , 8th Edition, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2001. PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER Subject Code No. of Lecture Hours/Week Total No. of Lecture Hours : 10CH44 : 04 : 52 IA Marks Exam Hours Exam Marks : 25 : 03 : 100 13 PART – A UNIT 1: Introduction: Various modes of heat transfer Viz. Conduction, Convection and Radiation. Conduction: Fouriers law, Steady state unidirectional heat flow through single and multiple layer slabs, Cylinders and spheres for constant and variable thermal conductivity. 8 Hours UNIT 2: Insulation: Properties of insulation materials, Types of insulation, Critical and Optimum thickness of insulation. 4 Hours Extended Surfaces: Fins – Types of fins, Derivation of fin efficiency for longitudinal fins, Fin effectiveness. 2 Hours UNIT 3: Elementary treatment of unsteady state heat conduction. 2 Hours Convection: Individual and overall heat transfer coefficient, LMTD, LMTD correction factor. Hours UNIT 4: Dimensionless numbers, Dimensional analysis, Empirical correlation for forced and natural convection. 6 Hours PART – B UNIT 5: Analogy between momentum and heat transfer – Reynolds, Coulburn and Prandtl analogies. Heat Transfer with Phase Change: Boiling phenomena, Nucleate and film boiling, Condensation – Film and Drop wise condensation, Nusselts equatio ns. 5 Hours UNIT 6: Heat Transfer Equipment: Double pipe heat exchangers, Shell and tube heat exchangers – Types of shell and tube heat exchangers, Construction details, Condenser – types of condensers. Hours UNIT 7: Design of Heat Transfer Equipment: Elementary

Youth Justice in 2011 is tougher on crime than on the causes of crime. The WritePass Journal

Youth Justice in 2011 is tougher on crime than on the causes of crime. Introduction Youth Justice in 2011 is tougher on crime than on the causes of crime. ), had only been a focus for different governmental departments pre-1997.  Ã‚   Coles (2012) states that the Blair administration was the first to have a Ministry and department (Social Exclusion Unit) specifically for young people to address the NEET problem (Alcock et al: 394) and thereby address the problem of anti-social behaviour.   It was for this reason that the Connexions service was set up Furthermore, the same could be said for the Coalition’s policies regarding criminal justice.   Austerity measures were talked up as being the reasons behind the cuts before the riots.   However, it could be argued that some of the cuts regarding youth justice and its appendages were made too harshly.   Those things that matter to individuals such as education and health are being cut back and this in turn has triggered off the mentality that was inherent in the riots.   According to Will Hutton, as quoted in Ohana and Otten(2011),: We are arriving at a major turning point in our national life.   It is not enough to talk about being tough on crime and the causes of crime.   We need an entire root and branch reshaping of our economy and society – where both rewards and punishment are judicious proportional and deserved, and all within a revived and larger understanding of fairness.We need good capitalism and the good society that accompanies it (Ohana and Otten: 2011: 245) It remains to be seen whether this present Coalition government is going to do anything   about the ‘root and branch’ causes behind youth crime in general and last year’s riots in particular.  Ã‚   The mixed messages given out by the Government seems to indicate that they will be just as tough on the causes of criminality as they will be on criminality itself.   Given the track record of the previous government regarding equality of expenditure between the punishment of crime and the prevention of it, this Coalition government may have a job on their hands in balancing the two. Reference List Blair, T (1997), ‘New Labour because Britain   deserves better’, The 1997 New Labour Manifesto, Available at labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1997/1997-labour-manifesto.shtml Cameron, D, (2011), ‘PM’s Speech on the fightback after the riots’, Monday 15th August 2011, Available at number10.gov.uk/news/pms-speech-on-the-fightback-after-the-riots/ Coles, B (2012), ‘Young People’, IN: Alcock, P, May, M, Wright, S, (2012), ‘The Student’s Companion to Social Policy’, 4th Edition, London Hughes,  Ã‚   (2011) Ohana, Y and Otten, H, (2012), ‘Where do you stand?: Intercultural Learning and Political Education in   Contemporary Europe, Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien, Germany Raine, J and Keasey, P (2010), ‘Introduction: The Changing Politics of Law and Order’, IN: Doolin, K et al (ed.) (2010.), ‘Whose Criminal Justice?: State or Community?’, Waterside Press, Hook, Hampshire, England Rusbridger, A, (2011), (ed.), ‘Reading the Riots: Investigating England’s summer of disorder’, The Guardian, The London School of Economics and Political Science, Accessed at guardian.co.uk/uk/interactive/2011/dec/14/reading-the-riots-investigating-england-s-summer-of-disorder-full-report Sanders, A (2011), ‘What was New Labour thinking? New Labour’s approach to Criminal Justice’, IN: Silvestri, A (ed.), (2011), ‘Lessons for the Coalition: an end of term report on New Labour and criminal justice.’ Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, The Hadley Trust, London Soloman E, and Garside, R, (2008), ‘ Ten Years of Labour’s youth and justice reforms: an Independent audit,   Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, The Hadley Trust, London Available at crimeandjustice.org.uk/opus647/youthjusticeaudit.pdf

ESL Shopping Vocabulary Exercise to Fill in the Gap

ESL Shopping Vocabulary Exercise to Fill in the Gap Put each of the following words or phrases in the correct gap. tag, label, cashier, bargain, receipt, exchange, take back, try on, fit, advice, shop assistant, credit card, check, select, cash, refund, size, sale If you want to go shopping there are a number of things you have to consider. If you would like to find a _____ you should make sure to go to a _____. The only problem with a sale is that it is sometimes hard to _____ something once you buy it. Many stores also refuse to give a _____ on anything you have bought. If you are looking for clothes, make sure to _____, check the _____ to make sure that it is a good _____. Another good idea is to look at the _____ and _____ to see instructions for washing, etc. Its always a good idea to also ask the _____ for _____. Finally, when you go to the _____ you can usually pay by _____ or _____ if you dont have the _____. Never forget to get the _____! Answers tag, label, cashier, bargain, receipt, exchange, take back, try on, fit, advice,  shop assistant, credit card, check, select, cash, refund, size, sale If you want to go shopping there are a number of things you have to consider. If you would like to find a  bargain  you should make sure to go to a  sale.  The only problem with a sale is that it is sometimes hard to  exchange  something once you buy it. Many stores also refuse to give a  refund  on anything you have bought. If you are looking for clothes, make sure to  try them on,  check the  size  to make sure that it is a good  fit.  Another good idea is to look at the  tag  and  label  to see instructions for washing, etc. Its always a good idea to also ask the  shop assistant  for  advice.  Finally, when you go to the  cashier  you can usually pay by  credit card  or  check  if you dont have the  cash. Never forget to get the  receipt!

Internal Conflict in Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internal Conflict in Germany - Essay Example The sudden increase in foreign population triggered aggressive reactions perpetrated particularly by factions of youthful males who opposed the idea. Practically, they must have envisioned the probability of multicultural divergence. Subsequently, conflict intensified between right-wing extremist and the migrants, and the right-wing-extremist and the destitute of the former West Germany (Ewald and Feltes, 2002). The negative impact of the aggressive acts of factions was boldly expressed in: first, the creation of a commission on immigration which is tasked to see to the appropriate immigration procedures and reduce further questions on clandestine entry, as well as additional unnecessary inflow; secondly, tourist would practically be staying away from areas where there are known clashes; third, prospective investors would not dare take the risk of pouring in money in areas where there is existing collision among antagonist groups; and fourth, a negative image of the country as a whole is projected internationally because of internal conflict (Ewald and Feltes, 2002). Looking at this situation objectively and intellectually, the antagonist must make a strong decision on whether they would like to keep living in a nation of turmoil and decay, or they would rather enjoy living in a community of an actively functioning economy.

Discrimination Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Discrimination Law - Essay Example Sex inequality issues in the United Kingdom By assigning the recognition of â€Å"protected characteristic† to sex as a criterion for maintaining equality in the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 complicates issues in several ways. The history of inequality with regard to sex in the UK has spanned decades, and still evolving. It is such a complex matter that could not be easily rectified through the mere reform of the UK discrimination law. The following examples demonstrate why sex inequality is such an endemic crime in the United Kingdom. Though progress has been recorded recently in every facet of UK public life, however, the society is still largely dominated by males (Coveney et al., 1984). There are reports of gender inequality in education all across the UK (Riddell and Salisbury, 1999). 2 Male dominance has become ingrained into the UK society that it seems it is just the natural thing to do. It is a known fact that discriminating against women in terms of educatio n (as it was done many years before) has a far-reaching impact on the womenfolk. First, it makes women to be unequal with men in knowledge acquisition and subsequently turns them into unqualified people. This trend had made it impossible to find women who were as qualified as men to take up challenging positions in both private and public offices. Although things have changed drastically in this modern dispensation, but there are still disheartening reports that sex discrimination is still a viable problem in UK labour practices (Perlman and Pike, 1994). Employers look down on women and consider men for jobs based on different reasons. It is believed that most women do not maintain continuity in their jobs because of other responsibilities that include marriage, children-bearing and other domestic concerns; men, on the other hand, are regarded as strong and more professionally minded. Using these reasons to discriminate against women is not appropriate, but employers are mainly conc erned about the success of their businesses. If they are eventually employed, women still face serious issues of discrimination in their workplaces. There are indications that some UK companies offer better pensions and insurance benefits for their male workers than those given to their female employees (Perlman and Pike, 1994). Similarly, wages for male and female workers are not the same, even though they do the same amount of job at their respective workplaces. This 3 preferential treatment of male workers over female workers stems from the fact that United Kingdom’s industries were founded with a focus on males as the viable workforce (Mosley et al., 2002). And this perception has not changed much in this modern day as employers still dismissed female workers because of flimsy excuses like dating a fellow worker or getting pregnant during the peak work period (FL Memo Ltd., 2005). An interesting case to illustrate the tediousness of the male versus female tension in UK la bour markets is Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd, where Ms Webb was seeking claims for unfair dismissal based on her pregnancy. Those she was chastised for using the argument that if male workers could be allowed to treat themselves when they fell sick, why shouldn’t a pregnant woman be allowed to go for child-rearing; her employer (Air Cargo (UK) Ltd was criticised for firing her based on pregnancy, an action that was illegal and contravened the United Kingdom labour law (Collins et al., 2005). This

Billy Budd Sailor Essay Example for Free

Billy Budd Sailor Essay Billy Budd, Sailor, a novel by Herman Melville, at first sight, seems like it is nothing else but the story of a sailor who is executed after being wrongly accused of mutiny. But when one examines the story deeply one finds that the story has a different meaning and that Billy Budd resembles Christ in many ways. Billy Budd as a Christ figure According to the author’s description, Billy Budd, the main protagonist, like Christ was handsome, pure and as innocent as a child in a world full of evil men. He had the same physical features of Christ. Like Christ, he had blue eyes and a symmetrical figure. The resemblance is evident in the first chapter when Captain Graveling, after the crew stopped fighting as soon as Billy joined them, says that Billy neither preached nor said anything to the crew. There was a kind of virtuousness in him that reached out to people. (Melville, 1924) The author here alludes to Christ who was also virtuous and healed all those who came into contact with him. The symbolism is more evident in the end chapters, especially in the scenes of the death of Billy Budd. For instance, Captain Vere cries, â€Å"Struck dead by an angel of God! † (Melville, 1924) after Billy strikes Claggart, and then says, â€Å"Yet the angel must hang†, (Melville, 1924) when he realizes that Billy has to die. Billy, before he dies, says, â€Å"God bless Captain Vere†. (Melville, 1924) All this reminds us of Christ. Christ like Billy in the novel forgave all those who were responsible for his death. The resemblance is all the more evident in the last chapter when Billy is executed. Here the author describes how Billy’s shipmates worship the gallows from which Billy was hung. Christ’s followers too worshipped the Cross. The setting and all the events that take place have a striking resemblance to the events that took place when Christ was executed. In conclusion it can be said that Billy Budd in the novel is not an ordinary sailor but a Christ-like figure, a symbol of Christ with characteristics of Christ. Just as Christ was a victim of an antagonistic society and had to sacrifice his life, Billy Budd too was an innocent victim of society and had to sacrifice his life. References Melville, Herman (1924), Billy Budd, Sailor, The University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Problems Caused By Air Pollution Essay -- essays research papers

Problems Caused By Air Pollution Some people think that air pollution is not harming the earth or the people, but it is doing worse, by killing the earth and getting people sick. "Air pollutants," according to Gay, "are known to cause respiratory diseases, cancer, and other serious illnesses" (12). Air pollution not only threatens the health and life of humans but also causes damage to the environment (Gay 13). First, air pollution causes a great deal of health problems. Wanting clean air is a good reason because air that is polluted can damage human health (Edelson 25). In the United States many health problems have occurred because of air pollution. According to Sproull, "For more than a decade, local residents in the tri-state valley bounded by Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia have claimed to suffer from health problems, including rashes, respiratory problems and even cancers" (D4). In 1948, in the industrial town of Donora, Pennsylvania, which sits in a valley, had twenty deaths, and nearly 6,000 residents, or 40% of the population, suffered respiratory problems (Edelson 25, 26). New York experienced several killer smogs, which in a later analysis attributed, from the usually severe pollution, 58 deaths (Edelson 26). Not only in the United States are health problems caused by air pollution showing up, but they are also showing up in other parts of the world, like Europe. In 1930, in Belgium's Meuse River valley, a major industrial region, where the primary fuel was coal reported sixty deaths, and about 6,000 residents of the valley became ill with breathing problems and respiratory infections (Edelson 25). In December 1952, the toll was huge in London from the infamous smog, which caused up to 4,000 deaths, when levels of sulfur oxides and particulates rose above normal (Edelson 26). Air pollution also increased deaths from chronic lung disease in the United States. "Although statistics on the physical effects of air pollution are not easily calculated," according to Edelson, "an alarming related statistic is that between 1970 and 1986, deaths in the United States from chronic lung disease rose 36%" (35). Air pollution has cost a great deal of money on health care in the United States. In terms of health care and lost productivity, the costs ... ... that do not harm the air, water, or land (Gay 121). Even though a large majority of Americans refuse to buy products or pay for services that contribute to environmental problems, people should still get involved (Gay 121). In order to save energy to save the earth, people should do the following: - When the lights are not in use, turn them off. - Instead of normal light bulbs, use compact fluorescent light bulbs. - On a short trip, walk or ride a bike. - Whenever possible, use public transportation. - To conserve heat or air conditioning, close off unused rooms. - To save fuel, adjust thermostat a few degrees lower for heating and higher for cooling. - For better efficiency, clean furnace and air condition filters. - Only when full, run the dishwasher, washer, and dryer. (Gay 115) There is no excuse, for not becoming involved to stop air pollution. Many scientists predict that the temperature of the earth will rise because of global warming (Edelson 87). Some scientists already believe that the earth is already warming (Edelson 87). If people do not become involved the earth will not be suitable enough to live on in the future, and there might not be anybody left for the future.

Catherine Triangle Essay

Overlooking the docks area of Brooklyn is the massive Brooklyn Bridge, which spans New York’s East River and which joins the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan. In the title, Miller suggests he is giving the audience a view of the community which lies below the bridge. The title also suggests that the audience is given a panoramic view of the scene, much as a captain of a ship has an all-round view from the vessel’s bridge. The action of the play takes place largely in an apartment in a tenement block in the Red Hook area of Brooklyn. In the play, Alfieri, the lawyer, describes the area as: â€Å"the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge† and as â€Å"the gullet of New York swallowing the tonnage of the world. † It was a socially deprived area, where succeeding generations of immigrants from Europe, both legal and illegal, found a home and work. There was a long-established Italian community in the area. The Culture and Society of Red Hook. Given the rather traditional values of Italian-American society in the middle of the twentieth century and the fact that most of the men earned their living from hard physical labour in the dockyards and elsewhere, it is not surprising that Red Hook was quite a raw, masculine and even macho society. Manhood, which involved strength and aggression (and proving it) was very important. Women were expected to conform to an image of purity and domestic virtue and, as Beatrice does, gain most of their satisfaction from cooking and maintaining the household. The men expected to be respected and obeyed as of right and the women had to submit to them in decision- making. The influence of the Roman Catholic Church was strong and most people had traditional moral views. The family and the extended family were of major importance as was the community. Many of the families were recent immigrants from Southern Italy, the original home of the Mafia, and family and blood ties were often demonstrated through the practice of vendetta, that is the obligation on the rest of the family to take revenge on anyone who insulted or harmed any of its members. It was, therefore, a culture in which a man’s reputation (for strength and honesty, for example) was crucial to him and where any affront to a person’s honour had to be avenged. This may help you to understand the pressure that Eddie and Marco are under at the end of the play. The Legal Background. In the first 20 years of the Twentieth Century, over three million Italians emigrated to the U. S. A. to escape from the poverty of their homeland and in the hope of a better life in America. These were legal immigrants to America, but the local population grew increasingly hostile to the Italian community. In the early 1920s the American government passed laws to restrict immigration and afterwards only four thousand Italians were allowed to enter the U. S. A.  legally each year. Far more than this number were desperate to escape the poverty of their own country. Two such were the ‘submarines’, Marco and Rodolpho, cousins of Beatrice, who enter America illegally on the evening the play opens. One of the few ways an illegal immigrant could gain the right to remain in America legitimately was to marry an American citizen. This sometimes meant that illegal immigrants married not for love, but simply to remain in the country. We can perhaps better understand Eddie’s fears about Rodolpho when we know this 7. The Carbone Family’s Background. A playwright, unlike a novelist, cannot describe characters and situations to an audience. Details about characters and their relationships have to be revealed gradually and subtly. What, then, do we know about the Carbone family and the relationships within it? The Carbones live in an apartment in a tenement building, at 441 Saxon Street, Brooklyn, which Miller describes as a ‘worker’s flat, clean, sparse, homely. ‘ Eddie, aged 40, is a large, strong man who enjoys male pursuits and going bowling with his friends. He is a longshoreman (i. e. he works in the docks). Beatrice is a traditional 1950s housewife. She keeps the flat looking immaculate, cooks and, at least in the early part of the play, dutifully defers to Eddie in everything. She stands up to Eddie much more as the action unfolds, and objects to his overprotective attitude to Catherine. Catherine, Beatrice’s attractive 17-year-old niece, had been adopted by Eddie and Beatrice when her parents died. Catherine is very fond of Eddie but there is growing tension between them because of Catherine’s wish to start work and Eddie’s desire to protect her from, as he sees them, the dangers of the adult world. The Eddie – Beatrice – Catherine Triangle. The relationship between these three is the fOcus of Act I. Eddie and Beatrice have obviously had a warm, loving relationship but there are currently stresses. In Catherine’s opinion, and in Eddie’s too, Beatrice nags her husband. Catherine tells Rodolpho: â€Å"If I was a wife, I would make a man happy instead of going on at him all the time† (Implying that Beatrice does ‘go on’ at Eddie. ) Eddie certainly agrees with Catherine’s view. He tells Beatrice: â€Å"You didn’t used to jump on me all the time about everything. The last year or two I come in the house I don’t know what’s gonna hit me. It’s a shooting gallery in here and I’m the pigeon. † Part of the tension is caused by Eddie’s belief that he should be the master in the house and Beatrice’s increasing wish to express her own view. This leads Eddie to say, â€Å"I don’t like the way you talk to me, Beatrice†, whenever Beatrice disagrees with him. The Catherine – Rodolpho – Eddie Triangle. When Eddie first hears that Beatrice’s cousins have arrived he says it would be an ‘honour’ to help them, despite the obvious risks involved. He knows how important it is to give the men a chance to work to send money back to Italy. There is no doubt that Eddie understands the poverty they are escaping as his own father had come to the U. S. A. from Italy. Eddie’s willingness to offer hospitality shows that he is a good man, aware of his responsibilities to others in the Italian-American community. This makes his later actions an even greater shock. Eddie is immediately impressed by the quiet dignity and maturity of Marco, but he is equally quickly irritated by Rodolpho. This is partly because of Rodolpho’s personality, for he is an extrovert, quite loud, showy, lively and fun- loving, but also because of his appearance. Eddie’s stereotyping of Rodolpho because of his blond hair and his voice shows prejudice, which reflects not just Eddie’s attitudes but those of his time and culture. . The Catherine – Rodolpho – Eddie Triangle Things which irritate Eddie These are the things about Rodolpho which irritate Eddie: His appearance; especially his blond ‘wacky’ hair. Eddie says of Rodolpho: â€Å"he’s like a chorus girl or sump’n†. His abilities and talents, e. g. dressmaking and cooking, which Eddie thinks are things only a woman should do. This leads him to doubt whether Rodolpho is a ‘real’ man. His fondness for singing out loud in his high tenor voice, even on the ships. Eddie is embarrassed that other men laugh at Rodolpho for this. He is particularly angry when Rodolpho sings ‘Paper Doll’ because he thinks the words may be related to Catherine and he becomes aware of the growing romance between her and Rodolpho. The stage directions state that Eddie is ‘puffed with trouble’ when he notices the growing affection between Catherine and Rodolpho. These are the things that annoy Eddie at first, but annoyance becomes hate when he realises that Rodolpho is a rival for Catherine. In Act II, Eddie is furious with Catherine and Rodolpho for going to the cinema and staying out late. Eddie believes that Rodolpho is deliberately dating Catherine in the hope of marrying her and being able to stay in America. It is difficult to decide whether this is a genuine concern or whether Eddie is using it as an excuse to cover his real feeling which is sexual jealousy. What do you think? It is unlikely that a man like Eddie would consider Rodolpho as a suitable partner for Catherine, even if there was no sexual jealousy involved. . The Catherine – Rodolpho – Eddie Triangle Eddie’s motives Whatever his motives, be they genuine concern to protect his niece or sexual jealousy, Eddie tries his hardest to turn Catherine against Rodolpho and split them up. He tries to humiliate Rodolpho in front of Catherine in the following ways: He cleverly introduces the subject of boxing (a suitably masculine activity for Eddie) and, while pretending to teach Rodolpho how to box, hits him in the mouth. For Eddie, this demonstrates to Catherine what a weak man Rodolpho is and what a strong one he (Eddie) is. It also shows that Eddie thinks women are more attracted to strong, aggressive males.

Pedro Paterno Essay

Pedro Paterno was born in Manila on February 27, 1857. Pedro Paterno was a Filipino statesman as well as a poet and writer. He was the author of Pacto de Biyak-na-Bato (Pact of Biyak-na-Bato), first published in 1910. He studied at Ateneo de Manila and afterwards at the University of Salamanca. He likewise enrolled at the Central University of Madrid where he completed his law degree. Paterno joined the Propaganda Movement. His greatest contribution to the country was his role as a mediator in the peace agreement between the Spaniards and the Filipinos. Read more: How did the constitution guard against tyranny mini q essay Pedro Paterno contributed a lot in Philippine literature too. His writings showed how much he loved his country. He had also given the Filipinos a sense of pride through the honors and achievements he had contributed to our culture and literature. His work El Cristianismo en la Antigua Civilization Tagalog, was one work that achieved so much admiration and recognition. Paterno was one of the representatives in the National Assembly on April 1899. He did not agree in the planned annexation of the Philippines to the United States. He believed that the Filipinos would rather choose to govern their own country than have it ruled by the Americans. Because of his refusal, other Filipinos followed suit. This refusal stirred their emotions to fight against the Americans later on. Paterno died on March 27, 1911 at the age of 53. Early life As the son of Maximo Molo Paterno and Carmen de Vera Ignacio, he belonged to a wealthy family. His first education was under Florentino Flores, and he later enrolled at Ateneo Municipal de Manila where he graduated in 1871. He went to Spain and studied at the University of Salamanca, then transferred to the Central University of Madrid where he took his law doctorate in 1880. Patriot Paterno helped in the negotiations of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 15, 1897 and later wrote a book about it. While in Spain, he joined the Propaganda Movement. He wrote one of the first Filipino novels, entitled Ninay, which was published before Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere. He also  wrote Sampaguita y Poesias, a collection of Filipino poems in Spanish that was published in Madrid in 1880. In the 1890s, Paterno became the Prime Minister of the first Philippine Republic, a cabinet member and an assemblyman. During the American invasion of the Philippines, he was one of the Filipinos who favored the coming of the Americans and advocated the incorporation of both countries. Balimbing Reputation The reputation has its origins in Pedro Paterno’s role in the negotiation of the 1897 Pact of Biyak-na-Bato between the Philippine revolutionaries and the Spanish. Paterno agreed to abandon his fellow revolutionaries struggle and collaborate with the colonial administration. Then when the USA in 1898 declared war on Spain, Paterno urged the revolutionaries to defend Spanish rule against the Americans, and he continued to urge resistance to the USA during the Philippine-American war. When captured, he swore allegiance to the USA, and was subsequently appointed President of the Consultative Assembly. He has long been an easy target for nationalist historians. Perhaps because as an author of a considerable number of works of history, historians place him as an ilustrado who compromised with both colonialism and nationalism, with loyalties split between Spain and the Philippines. For historians Paterno’s â€Å"The Pact of Biyak-na-Bato† is a primary source on the top ic, but some historians (particularly Ambeth Ocampo) interpret this supposed historical writing as fiction. Here are some passages that draw the question of whether Paterno’s writings are fact or fiction: â€Å"A lady, a beautiful lass of seventeen years came to me one night panting, trembling, with her long hair spread out on her shoulders down to her back like a dark night. Her sweet lips were rosy and quivering, with her eyes filled with tears and her chest palpitating. I asked her, ‘What do you want?’ And I came to learn that all she wanted was for me to take her along. She told me between sobs and tears that she was very unfortunate, having fallen prey to a revolutionary chief whom she hated. My soul was tearing me to pieces because of this enchanting lady. But what could I do?† Another describes his wife on her deathbed. He wants to be with his wife, but then duty calls and he must forge peace in the Philippines between the revolutionists led by Emilio Aguinaldo and the enemy led by the Spanish governor-general. This is how Paterno resolves this delicate problem: â€Å"I reflected. Finally, I hit the  nail on its head. With money everything could be done. I gave her a respectable sum of money so she could run away. The poor girl made her escape and left nothing but a great longing and a rosary of sampaguita flowers that she gave me in return. I kept it among my unredeemed receipts and old documents which were being eaten by years of disillusion.† Paterno died of cholera at the age of 53. Pedro Paterno’s Proclamation of War June 2, 1899 To the Filipino people: No one is ignorant of the fact that since we took the direction of the Ship of State we have sacrificed ourselves to the services of the government of our republic, offering ourselves as victims for the sake of peace without abandoning the sacred idea of liberty and independence which fires our country; but the North Americans refuse to suspend hostilities, asked for by us so that we may consult the National Assembly, seat of free popular sovereignty. The Commissioners returning from Manila so declare. Since it is their desire, may the responsibility of the war and its consequences fall on the great nation of the United States of America. We have done our duty as patriots and human beings, showing the great powers of the world that the present cabinet has the diplomacy necessary to protect our casue as well as the arms required to defend our rights. The Council of Government, deciding to preserve our republican institutions, national independence, and the presidency of Don Emilio Agu inaldo, in spite of the Americans, who intended to construct upon our ruins the edifice of tyranny, has concluded to continue the war, preserving unhurt in their spirit and letter our constitution and laws, which we have conqured with so much blood and such sacrifices. To war, then, beloved brothers, to war! In order that the people be free it is necessary that they be brave. Rich and poor, learned and ignorant, beloved Filipinos, hasten to unite to save our native land from insult and ignominy, from punishments and scaffollds, from the sad and fatal inheritance of enslaved generations. The God of War, in whom we have put our faith and hoppe, will help us. Confusion, internal and  international dissensions and conflicts, rend the invading army; its volunteers, being aware that we are in the right, fight without enthusiasm and only in compliance with their forced military duty. Within the American nation itself, a great political party asks for the recognition of our rights, and the Divine Providence watches over the justice of our case. Forward, Filipinos, and the sun of vistory will shine upon us. Long live the Filipino sovereign people !! Long live national independence !! Long live the liberating army !! Long live Don Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Republic !! Pedro Alejandro Paterno (February 27, 1858 – March 11, 1911) was a Filipino politician, as well as a poet and novelist.[1] His intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14, 1897, an account of which he published in 1910. Among his other works include the first novel written by a native Filipino, Ninay (1885), and the first Filipino collection of poems in Spanish, Sampaguitas y poesà ­as (Jasmines and Poems), published in Madrid in 1880.[2] Biak-na-Bato At the trial of Josà © Rizal in 1896, it was suggested that Paterno, along with Rizal, had incited the Katipunan because they had both written about the ancient Tagalog civilization. As evidence for their complicity, the Spanish prosecution cited Paterno’s earlier work â€Å"Antigua Civilizacià ³n† as promoting ideas which had â€Å"consequences both erroneous and injurious to Spanish sovereignty.† Nobody moved against Paterno, however, because he was close to a significant number of Spanish officials – both military and civilian – who could vouch for him. Thus, Paterno, like many others of the Manila elite, distanced himself from the events of the Katipunan revolution.[1] In 1897 the Philippine revolutionary forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo had been driven out of Cavite and retreated northwards from town to town until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. Here, they established what became known as th e Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[3] In late July, 1897, Paterno voluntarily presented himself to Governor  General Fernando Primo de Rivera, whom he had known while living in Spain, and offered his services as a mediator.[1] Because many highly-placed Spaniards of the time thought Paterno held great sway over the natives, Primo de Rivera accepted Paterno’s offer. He called for a truce, explaining his decision to the Cortes Generales: â€Å"I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion.†[3] Paterno left Manila on August 4, 1897 and found Aguinaldo five days later. This began a three-month-long series of talks which saw Paterno constantly shuffling between Manila, Biyak-na-bato, and some areas in Southern Luzon where a number of revolutionary chiefs held sway. During the negotiations, Paterno’s wife Luisa died on November 27, 1897.[1] In ceremonies on December 14-15 that year, Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-bato. He proclaimed the official end of the Philippine revolution on Christmas Day, and on left for Hong Kong via the port of Dagupan on December 27.[3] He returned to Manila on January 11 amidst great celebration, but was spurned by Primo de Rivera and other authorities when he asked to be recompensed by being granted a dukedom, a seat on the Spanish Senate, and payment for his services in Mexican Dollars.[1] The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Seated from left to right: Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions Prime minister He served as prime minister of the first Philippine republic in the middle of 1899, and served as head of the country’s assembly, and the cabinet. American Colonial Period  With the Philippine-American War after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, he was among the most prominent Filipinos who joined the American side and advocated the incorporation of the Philippines into the United States. Death He died of cholera on March 11, 1911. His literary work was not appreciated until several decades after his death. Legacy Pedro Paterno Despite Paterno’s prominence in the many upheavals that defined the birth of the Philippine nation during his lifetime, Paterno’s legacy is largely  infamous among Philippine historians and nationalists. Philippine historian Resil Mojares notes that: History has not been kind to Pedro Paterno. A century ago, he was one of the country’s premier intellectuals, blazing trails in Philippine letters. Today he is ignored in many of the fields in which he once held forth with much eminence, real and imagined. No full length biography or extended review of his corpus of writings has been written, and no one reads him today.[1] Much of this is attributed to Paterno’s penchant for turncoatism, as described by historian Ambeth Ocampo, who sums up his career thus: Remember, Paterno was one of the greatest â€Å"balimbing† [turncoats] in history (perhaps he was the original balimbing in Philippine political history). He was first on the Spanish side, then when the declaration of independence was made in 1898, he wormed his way to power and became president of the Malolos Congress in 1899, then sensing the change in political winds after the establishment of the American colonial government, he became a member of the First Philippine Assembly.[2] Title Ninay Original author Paterno, Pedro Original date of document 1908 Original place of publication Limbagan Nang La Republika Kiotan Bilang 30, 1908. Publisher Limbagan Ng La Republika Kiotan Bilang 30 Place of Publication Limbagan Nang La Republika Kiotan Bilang 30, 1908. Period American Occupation Category Culture Society Language Filipino Textual Physical Form Book Physical description 262p. Ninay is considered the first Philippine and Tagalog novel. Written by Pedro Paterno and published in 1908, it portrayed the richness of the Philippine environment and culture through intertwined narratives and descriptions of the countries sights and rituals. It served to disprove the Spanish assertion that the Philippines did not have a distinct culture. Contents[hide] * 1 Synopsis * 2 External Links * 3 References * 4 Citation| [edit] Synopsis The novel uses the local tradition of pasiyam or nine-day novena as a frame to two narratives of unrequited and ill-fated love. The pasiyam is being held for Ninay. The first narrative is that of Ninay and her lover Carlos Mabagsic who is wrongly accused of leading an insurrection by a Portuguese businessman, Federico Silveyro. Carlos leaves for a colorful journey abroad, but when he comes back, Ninay has entered the convent. He acquires and dies of cholera and soon after, Ninay is struck and killed by the same disease. The second narrative is that of Loleng and Berto. Don Juan Silveyro’s evil schemes prevent the lovers from being together. Loleng dies and Berto turns into an outlaw to take revenge on Don Juan. Berto also unwittingly avenges Ninay and Carlos by ending Federico’s wickedness as well. The novel has ten chapters: an introduction followed by one chapter for every night of the pasiyam.